Steinkohle

Kohle ist eines der wichtigsten Energieträger der Welt und ist laut der Internationalen Energieagentur (IEA) dabei Erdöl als den wichtigsten Energieträger der Menschheit bis zum nächsten Jahrzehnt einzuholen.

Der weltweite Konsum des fossilen Brennstoffs ist seit 2000 um etwa 70% auf 7700 Million Tonnen gestiegen. Steinkohle stillt somit ungefähr 30% des globalen Energiebedarfs. Um diesem enormen Kohleverbrauch ein Ende zu setzen sind große politische Veränderungen und technologische Innovationen nötig. Diese müssten jedoch größtenteils von der Volksrepublik China kommen. Jahrelang ist der Kohleverbrauch in dem Land mit einer Wachstumsrate von 6% gestiegen, was dazu führte, dass mittlerweile etwa zwei drittel der Energie durch die Verbrennung von Kohle gedeckt wird.

In Deutschland wird seit dem Atomausstieg mehr als 45% des Stroms aus Braun- und Steinkohle produziert.

Es gibt viele Gründe warum Kohle als Energieträger so begehrt ist, aber die drei größten sind folgendes:

1. Kohle ist billig: Die Brennstoffkosten liegen in Europa zwischen 3 und 3.5 Cent je Kilowattstunde. Elektrizität aus Erdgas lässt nur halb so viel CO2  entstehen, ist aber doppelt so teuer.

2. Kohle ist global verteilt: Viele Länder haben ihr eigenes Vorkommen und können ihr Eigenbedarf decken.
3. Kohle ist reichlich vorhanden: Die wirtschaftlich abbaubaren Reserven reichen nach jetzigem Stand weit über 100 Jahre.

0

New England

History/Geography/Economy/Literature/Sports and Tourism

• Found in the north eastern of the united states and is made up of six states: Connecticut (Hartford), Maine (Augusta), Massachusetts (Boston), New Hampshire (Concord), Rhode Island (Providence) , and Vermont (Montpelier)
• West: New York, south: Long Island Sound, north: Canadian Province of Quebec, east: Atlantic Ocean
• Largest city: Boston
• Population: 14,680,722 (2014)
• GDP (Gross domestic product): $900.8 billion (2013)

History

• Earliest known inhabitants were the Indian Americans speaking Eastern Algonquian languages
• Abenakis (a tribe) inhabited New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont, as well as parts of Quebec and western Maine
• The Penobscots (a tribe) lived along the Penobscot River in Maine
• Early 1600, French, Dutch, and English traders, exploring the New World, began to trade metal, glass, and cloth for beaver pelts
• April 10 1606 England (King James I) claimed Land in New England, 1620 Plymouth (an english joint stock company) settled in Massachusetts
• 1616 english explorer John Smith names the country New England. The Name was officially approved in 1620
• Massachusetts Puritans began to settle in Connecticut early 1633
• Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts for heresy, led a group south, and founded Providence in the area that became the state of Rhode Island in 1636
• At this time, Vermont was yet unsettled, and the territories of New Hampshire and Maine were claimed and governed by Massachusetts.
• Relationships between colonists and Native Americans alternated between peace and smaller fights, the bloodiest of which was the Pequot (a tribe) War in 1637
• King Philip's War: from June 1675 to April 1678 colonist (and their NA allies) fought against Native Americans due to an widespread uprising. It resulted in killings and massacres on both sides.
• Most settlers in New England were Farmers that have become self sufficient
• New England's economy started focusing on crafts and trade
• By 1686, King James II had become concerned about the increasingly independent ways of the colonies and their growing military power
• Dominion of New England: 1686, King James II had become concerned about the increasingly independent ways of the colonies, including their self-governing charters, their open flouting of the Navigation Acts, and their growing military power. He therefore established the Dominion of New England, an administrative union comprising all of the New England colonies
• By 1784, all of the states in the region had taken steps towards the abolition of slavery, with Vermont and Massachusetts introducing total abolition in 1777 and 1783

Short: New England is one of the most historic and culturally rich regions of the USA. The region was one of the earliest English settlements in the "New World" following the arrival of the Pilgrim Fathers, who set sail from England aboard the Mayflower in 1620 in search of religious freedom. By the late 18th century, the British colonies of New England were amongst the first to demonstrate ambitions of independence from the British Crown; one of the most notable demonstrations was the Boston Tea Party of 1773. The American Revolutionary war broke out shortly after in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence was signed and adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. In the 19th Century,New England also played a fundamental role in the movement to abolish slavery.

• A popular nickname for New England was “Yankeeland”
• 1791 Vermont was recognized as part of New England
• March 5th 1920 Maine (previously part of Massachusetts) was officially a free state
• New England's economic growth relied heavily on trade with the British Empire
• The Blackstone Valley, running through Massachusetts and Rhode Island, has been called the birthplace of America's industrial revolution
• In 1787, the first cotton mill in America, the Beverly Cotton Manufactory (largest cotton mill of that time), was founded in the North Shore seaport of Beverly, Massachusetts
• Slater Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island is one of the later more developed cotton mills
• Towns such as Lawrence and Lowell in Massachusetts, Woonsocket in Rhode Island, and Lewiston in Maine became centers of the textile industry
• The rapid growth of textile manufacturing in New England between 1815 and 1860 caused a shortage of workers. Recruiters were hired by mill agents to bring young women and children from the countryside to work in the factories. Between 1830 and 1860, thousands of farm girls such as the famous Lowell Mill Girls moved from rural areas where there was no paid employment to work in the nearby mills. As the textile industry grew, immigration also grew. By the 1850s, immigrants, especially Irish and French Canadians, began working in the mills
• New England was, as a whole, the most industrialized part of the young United States; by 1850, it accounted for well over a quarter of all manufacturing value in the country
• During the same period, New England and areas settled by New Englanders were the center of the strongest abolitionist and antislavery movements in the United States
• Abolitionists who demanded immediate emancipation such as William Lloyd Garrison, John Greenleaf Whittier and Wendell Phillips had their base in the region. So too did anti-slavery politicians who wanted to limit the growth of slavery, such as John Quincy Adams, Charles Sumner, and John P. Hale.
• When the anti-slavery Republican Party was formed in the 1850s, all of New England became strongly Republican
• New England remained solidly Republican until Catholics began to mobilize behind the Democrats, especially in 1928, and up until the Republican party realigned its politics in a shift known as the Southern strategy, an abrupt pivot towards broad opposition to civil rights legislation and racial integration. This led to the end of "Yankee Republicanism" and began New England's relatively swift transition into a consistently Democratic stronghold
• The flow of immigrants continued at a steady pace from the 1840s until cut off by World War I
• Yankees left the farms, which never were highly productive; many headed west, while others became professionals and businessmen in the New England cities
• The Great Depression in the United States of the 1930s hit the region hard, with high unemployment in the industrial cities
• The region lost most of its factories starting with the loss of textiles starting in the 1930s and getting worse after 1960. The New England economy was radically transformed after World War II. The factory economy practically disappeared. The textile mills one by one went out of business from the 1920s to the 1970s. For example, the Crompton Company, after 178 years in business, went bankrupt in 1984, costing the jobs of 2,450 workers in five states. The major reasons were cheap imports, the strong dollar, declining exports, and a failure to diversify
• By the 21st century the region had become famous for its leadership roles in the fields of education, medicine and medical research, high-technology, finance, and tourism
• Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire remain among the ten wealthiest states in the United States

Geography

• The states of New England have a combined area of 186,458 km2 (bigger than Washington and England)
• Maine (39th-largest state)  makes up nearly one-half of the total area of New England
• The remaining states are among the smallest in the U.S.
• Long Winters, Short Summers
• New England's long rolling hills, mountains and jagged coastline are glacial landforms resulting from the retreat of ice sheets approximately 18,000 years ago, during the last glacial period
• The Appalachians extend northwards into New Hampshire as the White Mountains, and then into Maine and Canada.
• Mount Washington in New Hampshire is the highest peak in the Northeast,
• The coast of the region, extending from southwestern Connecticut to northeastern Maine, is dotted with lakes, hills, marshes and wetlands, and sandy beaches
• The longest river is the Connecticut River, which flows from northeastern New Hampshire for 655 km, emptying into Long Island Sound
• Lake Champlain, wedged between Vermont and New York, is the largest lake in the region

Economy

• Unique factors: is distant from the geographic center of the country, is a relatively small region and relatively densely populated
• It historically has been an important center of industrial manufacturing and a supplier of natural resource products, such as lobster, and codfish
• New England exports food products, ranging from fish to lobster, cranberries, Maine potatoes and Maple Syrup
• Half of the region's export consist of Computers and other electrical equipment
• The service industry is important (tourism, education, building and construction service)
• In the first half of the 20th century, the region underwent a long period of deindustrialization as companies moved to the Midwest
• In the mid-to-late 20th century, an increasing portion of the regional economy included high technology military defense industry, finance and insurance services, as well as education and health services
• Agriculture is limited by the area's rocky soil, cool climate, and small area
• Maine (9th) has very good aquaculture,and has plenty potato fields in its northeast part
• Vermont (15th) has good dairy products
• Connecticut (7th) and Massachusetts (11th)  are known for their tobacco.
• Cranberries are grown in Massachusetts and blueberries in Maine
• Three of the six New England states are among the country's highest consumers of nuclear power: Vermont (first, 73.7%), Connecticut (fourth, 48.9%), and New Hampshire (sixth, 46%)
• Every state in New England ranks in the ten most expensive states for electrical prices

Literature

• Has always been known for its Poets, Authors and Writers
• The literature of New England has had an enduring influence on American literature in general, with themes such as religion, race, social repression, and nature
• Boston (Massachusetts) was the center of the U.S. publishing industry, before being overtaken by New York in the middle of the nineteenth century
• Boston remains the home of publishers Houghton Mifflin and Pearson Education and was the longtime home of literary magazine The Atlantic Monthly
• Merriam-Webster is based in Springfield, Massachusetts.
• Yankee, a magazine for New Englanders, is based in Dublin, New Hampshire.
• Education was highly valued, for it was through education that one came to know God

Sports

• Basketball was invented by James Naismith (a Canadian) in Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1891.
• Volleyball was invented by William G. Morgan in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in 1895
• Walter Camp is developed modern American football in New Haven, Connecticut in the 1870s and 1880s
• New Hampshire Motor Speedway is an oval racetrack that has hosted several NASCAR and American Championship Car Racing races
• Lime Rock Park is a traditional road racing venue home of sports car races
• most big sport teams are based in Massachusetts (e.g. Boston Red Sox, the New England Patriots. short the pats)
• New England is famous for the rivalry between the Boston Red Sox and The New York Yankees
• Hartford (Connecticut) had a professional hockey team, the Hartford Whalers, from 1975 until they moved to North Carolina in 1997
• Bridgeport had a professional lacrosse team, the Bridgeport Barrage, until they moved to Philadelphia
• The Connecticut are a WNBA team
• Boston Blades: professional women's ice hockey team

0

Biochemiker

Welche Tätigkeiten sind in diesem Beruf auszüben?

Das Fach Biochemie hat sich aus den Disziplinen Chemie, Biologie, Medizin und Physik entwickelt. Biochemiker versuchen teilweise fachübergreifend die molekularen Grundlagen der Lebensvorgänge zu verstehen und sind überwiegend in der experimentellen Grundlagenforschung tätig.

Sie erforschen Lebensvorgänge auf molekularer Ebene, untersuchen Stoffwechselvorgänge in Organismen, Organen und Zellorganellen und forschen in verschiedenen Bereichen der Biologie. Aus ihren Forschungs- und Untersuchungsergebnissen leiten Biochemiker Anwendungs- und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten für medizinische, pharmazeutische und chemische Zwecke ab.

Biochemiker beschäftigen sich mit den Substanzen bzw. Molekülen und Elementen, den man in einer Lebewesen zu finden sind, oder eine Rolle spielen.

Wo kann ich mit einem entsprechenden Berufsabschluss arbeiten?

Biochemiker finden Beschäftigigungen z.B

• An Universitäten
• In der Lebensmittelproduktion
• In der Pharma-, Chemie- und Biotechnologischenindustrie
• An Forschungsinstituten, z.B. in den Bereichen Medizin, Naturwissenschaften, Umwelt oder Nahrungsmittel

Die möglichen Aufgaben in den verschiedenen Bereichen reichen dabei von Verwaltungstätigkeiten über Forschung, Entwicklung und Analytik bis hin zur Produktion. Daneben hat man auch die Möglichkeit, sich als Berater oder Sachverständiger selbstständig zu machen oder sein eigenes diagnostisches Labor zu eröffnen.

Welche Zugangsvoraussetzungen gibt es?

• Allgemeine Hochschulreife
• Selbstständige Arbeitsweise
• Sorgfalt
• Teamfähigkeit
• Urteilsfähigkeit
• Verantwortungsbewusstsein
• Belastbarkeit

Das Studium

Das Biochemie Studium ist ein vollzeitstudium das aus 3 - 8 Semestern besteht und vermittelt die Grundlagen des Lebens auf der molekularen Ebene. Schwerpunkte sind das Verständnis und die Analyse von Stoffwechselerkrankung. Im Biochemie Studium erlernt man daher Inhalte aus den Fächern Medizin, Chemie und Biologie und belegt Vorlesungen, Kurse und Seminare zu Molekular- und Zellbiologie, Physik, Physikalische, organische und anorganische Chemie, Mathematik und Medizinische Forschung.

Während des Studiums werden mehrere Laborpraktika absolviert und gegebenenfalls auch Praktika in der Industrie. Das Biochemie Studium selbst ist in einen Bachelor- und einen Master Abschnitt unterteilt. Einige Universitäten in Deutschland bieten das Studium auch in englisch an darunter die Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena und die Universität Bremen. Außerdem kann man an vielen Hochschulen auch zunächst Chemie oder Biologie studieren und sich dann im Rahmen eines Master Studiums auf die Biochemie spezialisieren. Spätere Schwerpunkte, mit denen man sich innerhalb der Biochemie spezialisieren kann, sind Enzymologie, Immunbiochemie, Biophysikalische Chemie, Naturstoffchemie, Medizinische Biochemie und Neurochemie.

Nach dem Studium gibt es auch verschiedene Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten wie z.B in der Lehre, Verwaltung, Computerbranche, im  Handels- und Dienstleistungssektor, Wissenschaftsjournalismus und Marketing.

Wie hoch ist der Verdienst?

In fast jedem Berufsfeld nach dem Studium verbringt man viel Zeit im Labor. Wenn man eine wissenschaftliche Karriere anstrebt, sollte man nach dem Master noch promovieren. Ohne Doktortitel hat man kaum die Chance, eine qualifizierte Stelle in der Forschung zu bekommen.

Biochemiker haben im Allgemeinen sehr gute Berufsaussichten. Mit einem Master verdienst man beim Berufseinstieg etwa 2.500 € brutto im Monat.

Mit einem Doktortitel liegt der Einstiegsgehalt bei rund 3.200 €. In der Forschungsabteilung eines großen Unternehmens verdienst man häufig mehr als in der öffentlichen Forschung. Hier sind zum Teil Einstiegsgehälter um die 3.500 € brutto im Monat möglich.

 

0